Metal welding constitutes a material fusion process employing thermal energy, mechanical force, or combined application to achieve molecular coalescence at interface zones. At atomic scales, this creates interparticle bonding through proximity-induced attraction forces between surface atoms of distinct components, resulting in unified structural integrity.  



Classification of Welding Methodologies  

This metallurgical joining technique can be systematically categorized into two primary groups:  



1. Fusion-Based Techniques  

Utilizes concentrated thermal sources to elevate base materials beyond melting thresholds, generating a transient molten pool that consolidates upon cooling into permanent metallurgical bonds.  



2. Solid-State Bonding Methods  

Implements controlled pressure application with sub-melting temperatures to induce atomic diffusion bonding. This approach maintains material solidity throughout the process, avoiding liquid phase formation at joint interfaces.  



Both methodologies achieve durable intermetallic connections through distinct physical mechanisms, with selection dependent on material properties, joint configuration requirements, and operational performance criteria.

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